Preposition

          Preposition is a word that shows relation between noun or pronoun and the other words in sentence. e.g. in, on, at, to, with, under, above, into, by, of etc

            Preposition is always used before a noun or pronoun and shows the relation of the noun or pronoun to the other words in sentence. The following examples will help in better understanding.

Example.

Subject + Verb	Preposition	Noun
He will come	in	January.
Wedding ceremony will be held	on	20th December.
I was waiting	for	you
Someone is knocking	at	The door.
She came	by	bus.

Types of Preposition

The types of preposition are as follows:

• Preposition for time e.g. in, on, at, etc.
• Preposition for place e.g. in, on, at, etc
• Preposition for direction e.g. to, towards, into, through etc.
• Preposition for agent e.g. by
• Preposition for device, instrument or machines. e.g. on, by, with, etc.
• Prepositions used after verbs to make prepositional verb. e.g. look at, look after, etc.

1.     Prepositions for Time. (in, on, at) 

Preposition	Time Nature
In	1. Month or Year. e.g. in January, in 1985 2. Particular time of day or month or year e.g. in morning, in evening, in first week of January, in summer, in winter 3. Century or specific time in past etc e.g. in 21st century, in stone age, in past, in future, in present
On	1. Day e.g. on Monday 2. Date e.g. on 5th of March, March 5 3. Particular day e.g. on Independence Day, on my birthday,
At	1. Time of clock e.g. at 5 O’clock, at 7:30 PM 2. Short and precise time e.g. at noon, at sunset, at lunch time, at bed time, at the moment, at the same time

2.     Preposition for Place. (in, on, at)

Prepositions “in, on or at” are usually used for different places.

• “In” is usually used for place which have some boundary (boundary may physical or virtual).
• “On” is  used for surface
• “At” is used for specific place.

Preposition	Place Nature
In	Place having some boundary (physical or virtual boundary) Examples. In hall In school In a building In a box In a car In library In garden In America In room In cupboard
On	Surface of something. Examples. On a table On blackboard On a page On the wall On the roof On a map
At	Specific Place. Examples. At the entrance At the bottom of glass At front of the chair At bus stop At the edge of roof

3.     Preposition for Direction. (to, toward, through, into)

Prepositions like to, towards, through, into are used to describe the direction. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples.
         She went to the library.
         He jumped into the river.
         He ran away when he felt that someone was coming toward him.

4.     Preposition for Agent. (by)

Preposition for agent is used for a thing which is cause of another thing in the sentence. Such prepositions are by, with etc. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples.
         This book is written by Shakespeare.
         The work was completed by him.
         The room was decorated by her.
         The tub is filled with water.

5.     Preposition for device, instrument or machine.

            Different preposition are used by different devices, instruments or machines. e.g. by, with, on etc. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples.
         She comes by bus daily.
         He opened the lock with key.

6.     Prepositional Verb

            A prepositional phrase is a combination of a verb and a preposition. It is just a verb followed by a preposition.
Prepositional Phrase  =  Verb + Preposition
            Some verbs need particular prepositions to be used after them in sentences having a direct object. Such a verb with its required preposition is called a prepositional phrase.
Example.
He knocks at the door.

            In above sentence “knock at” is prepositional phrase which contains a verb “knock” and a preposition “at”. Without the use of correct preposition after a prepositional verb in a sentence, the sentence is considered to be grammatically wrong. For example if we say, “he knocks the door”, it is wrong because it lacks the required preposition “at”. So the correct sentence is “he knocks at the door”.
            Prepositional Verbs are transitive and they have a direct object in sentence. Some of the frequently used preposition verb are, laugh at, knock at, listen to, look at, look for, look after, wait for, agree to, agree with, talk about, talked to

Examples.
             She is listening to music.
             She looked at the blackboard.
             We believe in God.
             They were waiting for the teacher.
             Do you agree with me?
             Do you agree to my proposal?
             Someone is knocking at the door.
             You should not rely on her.

Source : http://www.studyandexam.com/preposition3.html

PPATK to work with govt to stop corruption, money laundering

            The administration and the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (PPATK) will cooperate to prevent money laundering and corruption among officials, civil servants and city councilors. The administration is the first regional government to sign a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on the issue with the PPATK.

            According to the MoU, the PPATK and the administration will share information on irregularities found in transactions within the administration. Both parties will train officials, civil servants and city councilors to better understand their functions and tasks. They will also conduct familiarization sessions regarding money laundering prevention and eradication. The administration and the PPATK will also conduct research to better understand the modus operandi in money laundering within the administration.

            The Taxation Agency has also introduced an online system to boost tax collection from the hotel, restaurant and entertainment industry. However, the number of taxpayers using the computerized online system is 40 percent, or approximately 10,000 individuals, meaning the remaining 60 percent or 12,000 rely on handwritten bills and calculators.

            In 2013, the administration signed an MoU with the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). Many of Jakarta’s officials have been implicated in corruption cases, including former Transportation Agency head Udar Pristono, who was named a suspect in case regarding faulty Transjakarta buses.

            Last September, former Public Works Agency head Ery Basworo was also named a suspect regarding the alleged misuse of waste management funds in the 2012 and 2013 budget year.

Source : http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/01/22/ppatk-work-with-govt-stop-corruption-money-laundering.html#sthash.q3DHRPn6.dpuf

The Analysis  :

Paragraph 1 : The administration and the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (PPATK) will cooperate to prevent money laundering and corruption among officials, civil servants and city councilors. The administration is the first regional government to sign a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on the issue with the PPATK.

• The function of “of” is used to show possession, belonging or origin.

• The function of  “on” is used to show that something is attached. It is preposition of place. It is replaced to the issue.

Paragraph 2: According to the MoU, the PPATK and the administration will share information on irregularities found in transactions within the administration.

• The function of “on” is used to show that something is attached. It is preposition of place. It explains that information is attached to irregularities.
• The function of “in” is used to show that there is something inside. It is preposition of place. It explains that there is irregulation inside transactions.

Paragraph 3: The Taxation Agency has also introduced an online system to boost tax collection from the hotel, restaurant and industry. However, the number of taxpayers using the computerized online system is 40 percent, or approximately 10,000 individuals, meaning the remaining 60 percent or 12,000 rely on handwritten bills and calculators.

• The function of “from” is used to show the place where someone or something starts. It is preposition of place.
•  
• The function of “on” is to assert the verb “rely”. It is prepositional phrase which contains a verb “rely” and a preposition “on”.

Paragraph 4: In 2013, the administration signed an MoU with the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). Many of Jakarta’s officials have been implicated in corruption cases, including former Transportation Agency head Udar Pristono, who was named a suspect in case regarding faulty Transjakarta buses.

• The function of “in” is used to show that there is something inside. It is preposition of place. It explains that there is something inside corruption cases.

Paragraph 5: Last September, former Public Works Agency head Ery Basworo was also named a suspect regarding the alleged misuse of waste management funds in the 2012 and 2013 budget year.

·         The function of “of” is used to show possession, belonging or origin.

·         The function of “in” is used to show months / seasons / year. it is preposition of time.

Name : Mia Rusliana

NPM  : 14611454

Class  : 4SA04

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