Preposition

          Preposition is a word that shows relation between noun or pronoun and the other words in sentence. e.g. in, on, at, to, with, under, above, into, by, of etc

            Preposition is always used before a noun or pronoun and shows the relation of the noun or pronoun to the other words in sentence. The following examples will help in better understanding.

Example.

Subject + Verb	Preposition	Noun
He will come	in	January.
Wedding ceremony will be held	on	20th December.
I was waiting	for	you
Someone is knocking	at	The door.
She came	by	bus.

Types of Preposition

The types of preposition are as follows:

• Preposition for time e.g. in, on, at, etc.
• Preposition for place e.g. in, on, at, etc
• Preposition for direction e.g. to, towards, into, through etc.
• Preposition for agent e.g. by
• Preposition for device, instrument or machines. e.g. on, by, with, etc.
• Prepositions used after verbs to make prepositional verb. e.g. look at, look after, etc.

1.     Prepositions for Time. (in, on, at) 

Preposition	Time Nature
In	1. Month or Year. e.g. in January, in 1985 2. Particular time of day or month or year e.g. in morning, in evening, in first week of January, in summer, in winter 3. Century or specific time in past etc e.g. in 21st century, in stone age, in past, in future, in present
On	1. Day e.g. on Monday 2. Date e.g. on 5th of March, March 5 3. Particular day e.g. on Independence Day, on my birthday,
At	1. Time of clock e.g. at 5 O’clock, at 7:30 PM 2. Short and precise time e.g. at noon, at sunset, at lunch time, at bed time, at the moment, at the same time

2.     Preposition for Place. (in, on, at)

Prepositions “in, on or at” are usually used for different places.

• “In” is usually used for place which have some boundary (boundary may physical or virtual).
• “On” is  used for surface
• “At” is used for specific place.

Preposition	Place Nature
In	Place having some boundary (physical or virtual boundary) Examples. In hall In school In a building In a box In a car In library In garden In America In room In cupboard
On	Surface of something. Examples. On a table On blackboard On a page On the wall On the roof On a map
At	Specific Place. Examples. At the entrance At the bottom of glass At front of the chair At bus stop At the edge of roof

3.     Preposition for Direction. (to, toward, through, into)

Prepositions like to, towards, through, into are used to describe the direction. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples.
         She went to the library.
         He jumped into the river.
         He ran away when he felt that someone was coming toward him.

4.     Preposition for Agent. (by)

Preposition for agent is used for a thing which is cause of another thing in the sentence. Such prepositions are by, with etc. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples.
         This book is written by Shakespeare.
         The work was completed by him.
         The room was decorated by her.
         The tub is filled with water.

5.     Preposition for device, instrument or machine.

            Different preposition are used by different devices, instruments or machines. e.g. by, with, on etc. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples.
         She comes by bus daily.
         He opened the lock with key.

6.     Prepositional Verb

            A prepositional phrase is a combination of a verb and a preposition. It is just a verb followed by a preposition.
Prepositional Phrase  =  Verb + Preposition
            Some verbs need particular prepositions to be used after them in sentences having a direct object. Such a verb with its required preposition is called a prepositional phrase.
Example.
He knocks at the door.

            In above sentence “knock at” is prepositional phrase which contains a verb “knock” and a preposition “at”. Without the use of correct preposition after a prepositional verb in a sentence, the sentence is considered to be grammatically wrong. For example if we say, “he knocks the door”, it is wrong because it lacks the required preposition “at”. So the correct sentence is “he knocks at the door”.
            Prepositional Verbs are transitive and they have a direct object in sentence. Some of the frequently used preposition verb are, laugh at, knock at, listen to, look at, look for, look after, wait for, agree to, agree with, talk about, talked to

Examples.
             She is listening to music.
             She looked at the blackboard.
             We believe in God.
             They were waiting for the teacher.
             Do you agree with me?
             Do you agree to my proposal?
             Someone is knocking at the door.
             You should not rely on her.

Source : http://www.studyandexam.com/preposition3.html

PPATK to work with govt to stop corruption, money laundering

            The administration and the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (PPATK) will cooperate to prevent money laundering and corruption among officials, civil servants and city councilors. The administration is the first regional government to sign a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on the issue with the PPATK.

            According to the MoU, the PPATK and the administration will share information on irregularities found in transactions within the administration. Both parties will train officials, civil servants and city councilors to better understand their functions and tasks. They will also conduct familiarization sessions regarding money laundering prevention and eradication. The administration and the PPATK will also conduct research to better understand the modus operandi in money laundering within the administration.

            The Taxation Agency has also introduced an online system to boost tax collection from the hotel, restaurant and entertainment industry. However, the number of taxpayers using the computerized online system is 40 percent, or approximately 10,000 individuals, meaning the remaining 60 percent or 12,000 rely on handwritten bills and calculators.

            In 2013, the administration signed an MoU with the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). Many of Jakarta’s officials have been implicated in corruption cases, including former Transportation Agency head Udar Pristono, who was named a suspect in case regarding faulty Transjakarta buses.

            Last September, former Public Works Agency head Ery Basworo was also named a suspect regarding the alleged misuse of waste management funds in the 2012 and 2013 budget year.

Source : http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/01/22/ppatk-work-with-govt-stop-corruption-money-laundering.html#sthash.q3DHRPn6.dpuf

The Analysis  :

Paragraph 1 : The administration and the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (PPATK) will cooperate to prevent money laundering and corruption among officials, civil servants and city councilors. The administration is the first regional government to sign a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on the issue with the PPATK.

• The function of “of” is used to show possession, belonging or origin.

• The function of  “on” is used to show that something is attached. It is preposition of place. It is replaced to the issue.

Paragraph 2: According to the MoU, the PPATK and the administration will share information on irregularities found in transactions within the administration.

• The function of “on” is used to show that something is attached. It is preposition of place. It explains that information is attached to irregularities.
• The function of “in” is used to show that there is something inside. It is preposition of place. It explains that there is irregulation inside transactions.

Paragraph 3: The Taxation Agency has also introduced an online system to boost tax collection from the hotel, restaurant and industry. However, the number of taxpayers using the computerized online system is 40 percent, or approximately 10,000 individuals, meaning the remaining 60 percent or 12,000 rely on handwritten bills and calculators.

• The function of “from” is used to show the place where someone or something starts. It is preposition of place.
•  
• The function of “on” is to assert the verb “rely”. It is prepositional phrase which contains a verb “rely” and a preposition “on”.

Paragraph 4: In 2013, the administration signed an MoU with the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). Many of Jakarta’s officials have been implicated in corruption cases, including former Transportation Agency head Udar Pristono, who was named a suspect in case regarding faulty Transjakarta buses.

• The function of “in” is used to show that there is something inside. It is preposition of place. It explains that there is something inside corruption cases.

Paragraph 5: Last September, former Public Works Agency head Ery Basworo was also named a suspect regarding the alleged misuse of waste management funds in the 2012 and 2013 budget year.

·         The function of “of” is used to show possession, belonging or origin.

·         The function of “in” is used to show months / seasons / year. it is preposition of time.

Name : Mia Rusliana

NPM  : 14611454

Class  : 4SA04

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The v-ing form in English

Obama to defy Republicans with immigration speech

            President Barack Obama is ordering far-reaching changes to the U.S. immigration system that will protect nearly 5 million people from deportation, testing the limits of his presidential powers and inviting a showdown with newly emboldened Republicans.

            Republicans were united in opposing Obama's move but divided on how to respond. Lawmakers have raised options including lawsuits, a government shutdown and even impeachment. Party leaders are seeking to avoid a government shutdown, say such moves could backfire and anger voters ahead of the next presidential election in two years. Republicans are in a bind over immigration: the U.S. electorate is becoming more diverse, especially more Hispanic. Republican leaders have said the party risks its long-term future if it does not act to solve America's immigration problems. But many in the party's conservative base oppose any reform that includes a path to citizenship for those who enter the country illegally.

            The White House says the president is exercising his executive authority to tackle immigration reform unilaterally, as Republicans Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush did before him. "What I'm going to be laying out is the things that I can do with my lawful authority as president to make the system better," Obama said in a video the White House posted on Facebook.

            The president's broadest decree was expected to apply to about 4.1 million parents who are in America illegally but whose children are U.S. citizens or permanent residents. If the parents have been in the U.S. for at least five years, they could apply for protection from deportation and then for work permits, according to people briefed in advance on the president's actions. Obama was also expected to broaden a 2012 directive that deferred deportation for some young immigrants who entered the U.S. illegally. Obama will expand eligibility to people who arrived in the U.S. as minors before 2010, instead of the current cutoff of 2007, and will lift the requirement that applicants be under 31 to be eligible. The expansion is expected to affect about 300,000 people.

            Despite the sweeping scope of the president's actions, more than half of the 11 million immigrants living in the U.S. illegally will be granted no specific protections. However, Obama's orders aim to decrease the likelihood that many of them will be deported by ordering the Department of Homeland Security to focus its enforcement on those who have criminal histories or who recently crossed the border.

            People briefed on the plan discussed the details on the condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to do so by name ahead of Obama's address. The president's decision to act on his own follows months of partisan rancor in Washington over more comprehensive legislation. While the Senate passed a bill last year that would have allowed nearly everyone in the U.S. illegally to pursue a pathway to citizenship, the Republican-led House of Representatives never took up the measure.

            Now that Obama is acting on his own, some on the right are pushing to use must-pass spending legislation to try to stop Obama's effort. One lawmaker has raised the specter of impeachment. Some immigrant advocates, meanwhile, worried that even though Obama's actions would make millions eligible for work permits, not all would participate out of fear that Republicans or a new president would reverse the executive orders.

Source : http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/21/obama-defy-republicans-with-immigration-speech.html

Discussion      :

1. In paragraph 1, first sentence :

President Barack Obama is ordering far-reaching changes to the U.S. immigration system that will protect nearly 5 million people from deportation, testing the limits of his presidential powers and inviting a showdown with newly emboldened Republicans.

Analysis           :

The -ing form of “ordering” functions as a verb. It is the main verb in the sentence that expresses an action. The sentence uses present progressive tense with pattern : Subject (President Barack Obama) + to be (is) + v-ing (ordering).

The -ing form of “reaching” functions as noun. “far-running” is a noun phrase. “far” is an adjective that has a function to modify noun “reaching”. 

The -ing form of “testing” and “inviting” functions as noun. They are gerund. As we know that gerund has the same function as a noun although it looks like a verb. 

2. In paragraph 2, third and fourth sentence :

Party leaders are seeking to avoid a government shutdown…

…the U.S. electorate is becoming more diverse…

Analysis :

The -ing form of “seeking” and “becoming” functions as a verb. They are the main verb in the sentence that expresses an action. The sentence uses present progressive tense with pattern : Subject + to be + v-ing.

3. In paragraph 3, first and third sentence :

...the president is exercising his executive authority…

"What I'm going to be laying out is the things that I can do…

Analysis :

The -ing form of “exercising” functions as a verb. It is the main verb in the sentence that expresses an action. The sentence uses present progressive tense with pattern : Subject (the president) + to be (is) + v-ing (exercising).

The -ing form of “I’m going to” functions as auxiliary verb. It expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. The pattern is Subject (I) + to be (am) + going to + verb (be).

The -ing form of “laying” functions as noun. It is a gerund. As we know that gerund has the same function as a noun although it looks like a verb. 

4. In paragraph 5, first and second sentence :

Despite the sweeping scope of the president's actions, more than half of the 11 million immigrants living in the U.S…

…many of them will be deported by ordering the Department of Homeland Security…

Analysis :

The -ing form of “sweeping” functions as an adjective. In the sentence above, “sweeping” is a present participle which is used as an adjective. “sweeping scope” is a noun phrase. In this case, “sweeping” functions as adjective that modifies noun “scope”. 

The –ing form of “living” has a function as an adjective. Living in here is an participle which is used to modify the entire sentence after it. We can not say that “living” is a verb because there is no to be before it. 

The -ing form of “ordering” functions as noun. It is a gerund. By + a gerund is used to express how something done. In English grammar, if there is a preposition, we need to use a gerund or a noun after it.  Therefore, there is a gerund “ordering” after the preposition “by”.

5. In paragraph 7, first paragraph :

Now that Obama is acting on his own, some on the right are pushing to use must-pass spending legislation…

Analysis :

The -ing form of “acting” functions as a verb. It is the main verb in the sentence that expresses an action. The sentence uses present progressive tense with pattern : Subject (Obama) + to be (is) + v-ing (acting).

The -ing form of “spending” functions as noun. “spending legislation” is a noun phrase.

Name   :  Mia Rusliana

NPM   :  14611454

Class    :  4SA04

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