Final Post-Revised Translation Version

3. Structural strategies in Translation

There are three basic strategies that associated with structural problem, namely:

      

1.      Addition

Addition is increasing of words in the target language. A kind of this addition strategy is not a choice but a must.

      2.      Reduction

Reduction means that there is reduction of structural elements in the target language. It is same as addition, reduction is a compulsory strategy.

      3.      Transposition

Transposition is a mandatory because the meaning of the source language will not be conveyed if you do not use this strategy. Transposition becomes an option if you use it as a reason to language style only. By applying this strategy, a translator changes the original structure of the source language into the target language to get the equivalent effect of both languages. This change can be a change in the form of plural into the singular, the position of adjectives, until the conversion of the sentence structure as a whole. A separation of one sentence in the source language becomes two sentences of the target language or more, or merging two or more sentences of the source language become one sentence of  the target language also included in this strategy.

Transposition can also be attempted because of style or stylistic consideration.

Mia Rusliana

4SA04

146 11 454

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Translating a text by using Ginger

Name  : Mia Rusliana

Class   : 4SA04

Source Language

1.      Strategi Struktural dalam Penerjemahan

Ada tiga strategi dasar yang berkenaan dangan masalah struktur, yaitu:

-          Penambahan

Penambahan di sini adalah penambahan kata-kata di dalam bahasa sasaran. Penambahan jenis ini bukanlah masalah pilihan tetapi kaharusan.

-          Pengurangan

Pengurangan artinya adanya pengurangan elemen structural di dalam bahasa sasaran. Seperti halnya penambahan, pengurangan ini merupakan keharusan.

-          Transposisi

Transposisi adalah suatu keharusan apabila tanpa strategi ini makna bahasa sumber tidak tersampaikan. Transposisi menjadi pilihan apabila dilakukan hanya karena alasan gaya bahasa saja. Dengan strategi ini penerjemah mengubah struktur asli bahasa sumber di dalam bahasa sasaran untuk mencapai efek yang padan. Pengubahan ini bisa pengubahan bentuk jamak ke bentuk tunggal, posisi kata sifat, sampai pengubahan struktur kalimat secara keseluruhan. Pemisahan satu kalimat bahasa sumber menjadi dua kalimat bahasa sasaran atau lebih, atau penggabungan dua kalimat bahasa sumber atau lebih menjadi satu kalimat bahasa sasaran juga termasuk di dalam strategi ini.

Transposisi juga bisa dilakukan karena pertimbangan gaya bahasa atau stilistika.

Target Language

3. Structural strategies in Translation

There are three basic strategies that a matter of structural problem, namely:

1.      Addition

The mean of addition is the increasing of words in the target language. A kind of this addition strategy is not a choice but it is a must.

2.      Reduction

Reduction means that there is reduction of structural elements in the target language. It is same with addition, reduction is a must.

3.      Transposition

Transposition is a must because without this strategy, the meaning of the source language is not achieved. Transposition becomes a choice if it is done because of style only. With this strategy, the translator changes the original structure of the source language into the target language to reach exact effect. This changing can be the form of changing from plural to singular, the position of adjectives, until the changing of sentence structure completely. Sepatation of one sentence in source language

Target Language (Edited Text)

3. Structural strategies in Translation

There are three basic strategies that a matter of structural problem, namely:

1.      Addition

The mean of addition is the increasing of words in the target language. A kind of this addition strategy is not a choice but it is a must.

2.      Reduction

Reduction means that there is reduction of structural elements in the target language. It is same with addition, reduction is a must.

3.      Transposition

Transposition is a must because without this strategy, the meaning of the source language is not achieved. Transposition becomes a choice if it is done because of style only. With this strategy, the translator changes the original structure of the source language into the target language to reach exact effect. This changing can be the form of changing from plural to singular, the position of adjectives, until the changing of sentence structure completely. Separation of the source language sentence into two sentences of the target language or more, or merging two or more sentences source language into the target language sentence also included in this strategy.

Transposition can also be done because of consideration of style or stilistika.

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The Advantage and Disadvantage of Five Translation Machines

Name             : Mia Rusliana

NPM               : 14611454

Class              : 4SA04

Wordbee

ü  Advantage of Wordbee :

            Word bee (cloud based only, so one needs to use one's browser) is very simple to learn, due to it being rudimentary and thus not having all the features of a local PC CAT tool.  It is used as a service on your computers you don't have to spend money acquiring, lodging and maintaining the servers or hiring consultants.  It also allows translators to control every step of the translation process and manage the all teams, as this software promotes collaboration between colleagues working on the same project. Word bee also stands out for its accessibility.This program has proved to be greatly useful for translation services. That happens because Wordbee has all the technical features which you can find in memory translation systems (the so-called TMS) and combines that with the possibility of working with your team mates in real time and in a flexible way and an intuitive interface.

ü  Disadvantage of Wordbee:

            The spell checker for QA turned out be buggy, not finding all errors and especially not finding accidentally entered 'second letter' caps. Then you could not upload your own TM and/or glossary to speed up your work. This is especially important with specialized translations where agencies are rarely able to provide an online TM or glossary that will be of help nor should they be expected to.

Ginger

ü  Advantage of Ginger :

            Ginger uses statistical algorithms in conjunction with natural language processing, aiming to improve written communications, develop English speaking skills and boost smartphone productivity. The algorithm in ginger allows it to correct the written sentences with relatively high accuracy (eliminating up to 95 percent of writing errors), compared to standard spell checkers. Using Ginger Software, a student who may have dyslexia is able to write a sentence and then listen to their writing. This enables them to decide if what they have composed is correct. If they are not sure, they are able to choose a word from the list of alternative choices. Not only does Ginger’s Text To Speech offer the ability to enhance sentence correction, but for writers who struggle with pronunciation, they are also able to hear proper word pronunciation. This is very helpful for building better speech and literacy skills.

            This is helpful for Bloggers, students, employees, office workers and all for those who use to write the documents. After installing this on your computer, you can use it anywhere. It works everywhere. You can use it in Microsoft Office files, WordPad or NotePad, Browsers, Social Sites and even in the post editor. Ginger provides an automatic spell checker, assisting people with learning difficulties such as dyslexia to improve their writing skills, through an intelligent automatic context-based correction of spelling mistakes and misused words.

ü  Disadvantage of Ginger :

1. When you install it, it takes too long.
2. Although this system makes the application more potent, it also requires an extra flow of data between your computer and these servers. Moreover, the application becomes absolutely useless without Internet connection.
3. It slows down your typing speed. Although a solution is to run Ginger only when you have finished typing, this will prevent you from benefiting from while-you-type correction.

SDL

ü  Advantage of SDL :

            SDL software can decrease the number and severity of vulnerabilities in software. It means that in order to measure the extent to which these goals are met, security experts analyzed public vulnerability counts in "pre-SDL" and "post-SDL" versions of the same product in the 12 months (or more) following the release.

ü  Disadvantage of SDL :

                The only disadvantage of SDL software is lack of efficiency of the generated code. Then it is not enough in supporting for complex data type, algorithm, concurrency and hardware interface descriptions.

Trados

ü  Advantage of Trados :

            The big advantage of this program is that it allows for cost savings, as it recognizes repetition within a document and within a set of documents sharing the same memory.  This allows for a word count that takes into consideration new and repeated phrases, determining the percentage of the document that would have to be translated from scratch and the percentage that may be reused.  Clearly, being able to reuse some parts of already translated documents saves time and therefore costs, allowing the translator to offer a significant discount.

ü  Disadvantage of Trados :

            You can’t edit it before the alignment is exported so unless your original files are formatted exactly the same, the results may be disappointing. I’m sure it won’t be long before SDL comes up with an editing feature for the alignment tool. In the meantime, I’m using András Farkas’ LF Aligner.

Systran

ü  Advantage of Systran :

            Systran offers a wealth of translation software that supports a total of 15 different languages and then improve the translation's accuracy even more with state-of-the-art translation tools. These can be mixed and matched with your choice of a base language to make 52 language pairs. Each language pair is available for purchase. On the free translation web page, a free translation of up to 750 characters is offered. It offers the possibility of composing user dictionaries (like a translation memory), which allows to import .txt, .xls, .tmx, MultiTerm or .csv files and export them to other translation memories, such as Trados.

            In the case of web page translations, Systran allows pages to be translated while using Internet Explorer or Firefox. Once a page is translated, the “smooth navigation” function automatically translates all of the pages that are linked to the page being viewed. This means that when you click on a link appearing on the page that you are reading, the text automatically appears in the desired language.

ü  Disadvantage of Systran :

            One of the things absent from Systran’s Business Translator is a speech-to-text function. This is often used to check the pronunciation of a word you have not heard before and is not a part of Systran’s offering.

Link :

http://www.systransoft.com

http://www.translationzone.com

http://www.sdl.com

http://www.wordbee.com

http://www.gingersoftware.com

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Penerjemahan Berbantuan Komputer

Minister prepares language proficiency test

Manpower Minister Muhammad Hanif Dhakiri is set to make proficiency in the Indonesian language a requirement for both existing expatriates in Indonesia and prospective foreign workers.

Hanif said his ministry was planning to establish some kind of online Indonesian language proficiency test for expat workers. The test would be accessible outside Indonesia for workers yet to come to the country.

“[They] must understand that our intention to implement the policy is reciprocal,” Hanif said on Wednesday at the Presidential Palace, pointing out that Indonesia provided language training for workers before sending them to Japan or South Korea.

“Some foreign professionals come to this country and after several years here can still only say ‘selamat pagi [good morning]’ and ‘terima kasih [thank you]’. It’s not fair for us,” he complained. “It shows that they have no intention to learn Indonesian.”

Hanif said the planned policy would be imposed on foreigners already working in the country.

“When we finally put it into effect, it will cover new workers [applying to work in Indonesia], but there will be an adjusted mechanism for existing ones. For example, they will be allowed to remain in Indonesia [during the test period] but will have to prove their proficiency,” he explained.

Hanif’s office is still discussing the technical matters related to the implementation of the plan, which will involve language institutions creating the test mechanism.

Menteri menyiapkan tes keahlian bahasa

Menteri tenaga kerja Muhammad Hanif Dhakiri diminta untuk membuat persyaratan kemahiran dalam bahasa Indonesia untuk kedua ekspatiat di Indonesia dan calon pekerja asing.

Hanif mengatakan pihaknya sedang berencana untuk membangun beberapa jenis tes kemahiran bahasa Indonesia daring bagi pekerja expat.

“[Mereka] harus mengerti bahwa niat kita untuk menerapkan kebijakan tersebut merupakan timbal balik,” kata Hanif pada hari Rabu di Istana Presiden, menunjukan bahwa Indonesia menyediakan pelatihan bahasa untuk para pekerja sebelum mengirim mereka ke Jepang atau Korea Selatan.

“Beberapa professional asing dating ke nengara ini dan setelah beberapa tahun disini masih dapat mengatakan ‘selamat pagi [good morning]’ dan ‘terima kasih [thank you]’. Ini tidak adil bagi kita,“ komplainnya. “itu menunjukkan bahwa mereka tidak punya niat untuk mempelajari Bahasa Indonesia.”

Hanif mengatakan kebijakan yang direncanakan akan di kenakan pada orang asing yang telah bekerja di negara itu.

“Ketika kita akhirnya meletakkannya ke dalam suatu akibat, itu akan menutupi pekerja baru [penerapan untuk bekerja di Indonesia] tapi akan ada mekanisme biasa untuk yang telah ada. Misalnya, mereka akan diizinkan untuk tetap tinggal di Indonesia [selama periode pengujian] akan tetapi harus membuktikan kemampuan mereka, "jelasnya.

Kantor Hanif masih membahas hal-hal yang terkait dengan pelaksanaan rencana tersebut, yang akan meliputi mekanisme test pembuatan institusi bahasa.   

Source : http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/03/05/minister-prepares-language-proficiency-test.html

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Preposition

          Preposition is a word that shows relation between noun or pronoun and the other words in sentence. e.g. in, on, at, to, with, under, above, into, by, of etc

            Preposition is always used before a noun or pronoun and shows the relation of the noun or pronoun to the other words in sentence. The following examples will help in better understanding.

Example.

Subject + Verb	Preposition	Noun
He will come	in	January.
Wedding ceremony will be held	on	20th December.
I was waiting	for	you
Someone is knocking	at	The door.
She came	by	bus.

Types of Preposition

The types of preposition are as follows:

• Preposition for time e.g. in, on, at, etc.
• Preposition for place e.g. in, on, at, etc
• Preposition for direction e.g. to, towards, into, through etc.
• Preposition for agent e.g. by
• Preposition for device, instrument or machines. e.g. on, by, with, etc.
• Prepositions used after verbs to make prepositional verb. e.g. look at, look after, etc.

1.     Prepositions for Time. (in, on, at) 

Preposition	Time Nature
In	1. Month or Year. e.g. in January, in 1985 2. Particular time of day or month or year e.g. in morning, in evening, in first week of January, in summer, in winter 3. Century or specific time in past etc e.g. in 21st century, in stone age, in past, in future, in present
On	1. Day e.g. on Monday 2. Date e.g. on 5th of March, March 5 3. Particular day e.g. on Independence Day, on my birthday,
At	1. Time of clock e.g. at 5 O’clock, at 7:30 PM 2. Short and precise time e.g. at noon, at sunset, at lunch time, at bed time, at the moment, at the same time

2.     Preposition for Place. (in, on, at)

Prepositions “in, on or at” are usually used for different places.

• “In” is usually used for place which have some boundary (boundary may physical or virtual).
• “On” is  used for surface
• “At” is used for specific place.

Preposition	Place Nature
In	Place having some boundary (physical or virtual boundary) Examples. In hall In school In a building In a box In a car In library In garden In America In room In cupboard
On	Surface of something. Examples. On a table On blackboard On a page On the wall On the roof On a map
At	Specific Place. Examples. At the entrance At the bottom of glass At front of the chair At bus stop At the edge of roof

3.     Preposition for Direction. (to, toward, through, into)

Prepositions like to, towards, through, into are used to describe the direction. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples.
         She went to the library.
         He jumped into the river.
         He ran away when he felt that someone was coming toward him.

4.     Preposition for Agent. (by)

Preposition for agent is used for a thing which is cause of another thing in the sentence. Such prepositions are by, with etc. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples.
         This book is written by Shakespeare.
         The work was completed by him.
         The room was decorated by her.
         The tub is filled with water.

5.     Preposition for device, instrument or machine.

            Different preposition are used by different devices, instruments or machines. e.g. by, with, on etc. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples.
         She comes by bus daily.
         He opened the lock with key.

6.     Prepositional Verb

            A prepositional phrase is a combination of a verb and a preposition. It is just a verb followed by a preposition.
Prepositional Phrase  =  Verb + Preposition
            Some verbs need particular prepositions to be used after them in sentences having a direct object. Such a verb with its required preposition is called a prepositional phrase.
Example.
He knocks at the door.

            In above sentence “knock at” is prepositional phrase which contains a verb “knock” and a preposition “at”. Without the use of correct preposition after a prepositional verb in a sentence, the sentence is considered to be grammatically wrong. For example if we say, “he knocks the door”, it is wrong because it lacks the required preposition “at”. So the correct sentence is “he knocks at the door”.
            Prepositional Verbs are transitive and they have a direct object in sentence. Some of the frequently used preposition verb are, laugh at, knock at, listen to, look at, look for, look after, wait for, agree to, agree with, talk about, talked to

Examples.
             She is listening to music.
             She looked at the blackboard.
             We believe in God.
             They were waiting for the teacher.
             Do you agree with me?
             Do you agree to my proposal?
             Someone is knocking at the door.
             You should not rely on her.

Source : http://www.studyandexam.com/preposition3.html

PPATK to work with govt to stop corruption, money laundering

            The administration and the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (PPATK) will cooperate to prevent money laundering and corruption among officials, civil servants and city councilors. The administration is the first regional government to sign a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on the issue with the PPATK.

            According to the MoU, the PPATK and the administration will share information on irregularities found in transactions within the administration. Both parties will train officials, civil servants and city councilors to better understand their functions and tasks. They will also conduct familiarization sessions regarding money laundering prevention and eradication. The administration and the PPATK will also conduct research to better understand the modus operandi in money laundering within the administration.

            The Taxation Agency has also introduced an online system to boost tax collection from the hotel, restaurant and entertainment industry. However, the number of taxpayers using the computerized online system is 40 percent, or approximately 10,000 individuals, meaning the remaining 60 percent or 12,000 rely on handwritten bills and calculators.

            In 2013, the administration signed an MoU with the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). Many of Jakarta’s officials have been implicated in corruption cases, including former Transportation Agency head Udar Pristono, who was named a suspect in case regarding faulty Transjakarta buses.

            Last September, former Public Works Agency head Ery Basworo was also named a suspect regarding the alleged misuse of waste management funds in the 2012 and 2013 budget year.

Source : http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/01/22/ppatk-work-with-govt-stop-corruption-money-laundering.html#sthash.q3DHRPn6.dpuf

The Analysis  :

Paragraph 1 : The administration and the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (PPATK) will cooperate to prevent money laundering and corruption among officials, civil servants and city councilors. The administration is the first regional government to sign a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on the issue with the PPATK.

• The function of “of” is used to show possession, belonging or origin.

• The function of  “on” is used to show that something is attached. It is preposition of place. It is replaced to the issue.

Paragraph 2: According to the MoU, the PPATK and the administration will share information on irregularities found in transactions within the administration.

• The function of “on” is used to show that something is attached. It is preposition of place. It explains that information is attached to irregularities.
• The function of “in” is used to show that there is something inside. It is preposition of place. It explains that there is irregulation inside transactions.

Paragraph 3: The Taxation Agency has also introduced an online system to boost tax collection from the hotel, restaurant and industry. However, the number of taxpayers using the computerized online system is 40 percent, or approximately 10,000 individuals, meaning the remaining 60 percent or 12,000 rely on handwritten bills and calculators.

• The function of “from” is used to show the place where someone or something starts. It is preposition of place.
•  
• The function of “on” is to assert the verb “rely”. It is prepositional phrase which contains a verb “rely” and a preposition “on”.

Paragraph 4: In 2013, the administration signed an MoU with the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). Many of Jakarta’s officials have been implicated in corruption cases, including former Transportation Agency head Udar Pristono, who was named a suspect in case regarding faulty Transjakarta buses.

• The function of “in” is used to show that there is something inside. It is preposition of place. It explains that there is something inside corruption cases.

Paragraph 5: Last September, former Public Works Agency head Ery Basworo was also named a suspect regarding the alleged misuse of waste management funds in the 2012 and 2013 budget year.

·         The function of “of” is used to show possession, belonging or origin.

·         The function of “in” is used to show months / seasons / year. it is preposition of time.

Name : Mia Rusliana

NPM  : 14611454

Class  : 4SA04

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